19 Words of Encouragement

19 Words of Encouragement When everything seems to be going against you, remember that the airplane takes off against the wind, not with it. Henry FordOne has to remember that every failure can be a stepping stone to something better. Col. Harland SandersWhen you get into a tight place and everything goes against you, till it seems as though you could not hang on a minute longer, never give up then, for that is just the place and time that the tide will turn. Harriet Beecher Stowe A diamond is merely a lump of coal that did well under pressure. UnknownI am grateful for all of my problems. After each one was overcome, I became stronger and more able to meet those that were still to come. I grew in all my difficulties. James Cash PenneyA bend in the road is not the end of the road unless you fail to make the turn. UnknownTwenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the things you didnt do than by the ones you did. So throw off the bowlines, sail away from the safe harbor, catch the trade winds in you r sails. Explore. Dream. Discover. Mark TwainUse what talent you possess: the woods would be very silent if no birds sang except those that sang best. Henry Van DykeForget about all the reasons why something may not work. You only need to find one good reason why it will. Dr. Robert AnthonyExtraordinary struggles bring an extraordinary purpose for those who wait. Brianna GazvodaGo confidently in the direction of your dreams. Live the life you have imagined. Henry David ThoreauCount the garden by the flowers, never by the leaves that fall. Count your life with smiles and not the tears that roll. UnknownOnly your real friends will tell you when your face is dirty. Sicilian ProverbThe world is round and the place which may seem like the end may also be only the beginning. Ivy Baker PriestIt doesnt matter how many say it cannot be done or how many people have tried it before; its important to realize that whatever youre doing, its your first attempt at it. Wally AmosIf you have made mis takes, there is always another chance for you. You may have a fresh start any moment you choose, for this thing we call failure is not the falling down, but the staying down. Mary PickfordHe who refuses to embrace a unique opportunity loses the prize as surely as if he had failed. William JamesWhen one door closes another door opens; but we so often look so long and so regretfully upon the closed door, that we do not see the ones which open for us. Alexander Graham BellInstead of giving myself reasons why I cant, I give myself reasons why I can. UnknownTake care friends and if you know some good encouragement quotes, phrases or poems, please share with our fellow visitors!!!

Why College Students Fail 2019

A closer look at why college students fail shows that it has nothing to do with level of intelligence. About 90% of the population all have about the same level of intelligence. About 5% have serious learning disabilities and barriers while the other 5% are just plain smarter than everyone else. Chances are you fall in the 90% of people who are average? But average is good enough. Average people who do not fall into the following behavior patterns are the ones that go on to graduate from college and have successful lives. Lets look at the top reasons why college students fail. Lack of discipline many people think it has to do with motivation, but its really about discipline. Discipline means you do something like study, read or homework when you dont feel like it. Motivation means you only do something when you feel motivated to do it. Most of the time we dont feel very motivated. Discipline is where its at. .u74b129450017664fe9f4d33ecadadc54 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u74b129450017664fe9f4d33ecadadc54:active, .u74b129450017664fe9f4d33ecadadc54:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u74b129450017664fe9f4d33ecadadc54 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u74b129450017664fe9f4d33ecadadc54 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u74b129450017664fe9f4d33ecadadc54 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u74b129450017664fe9f4d33ecadadc54:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ You and a Career in AdvertisingPoor personal management we cannot manage time. We can only manage ourselves. If we manage ourselves then things will fall into place. That means finding balance in life and not over committing to things, and focusing on what it important. Lack of persistence persistence is worth a lot. If you never gave up, and kept working towards your goals you would probably be a lot further in life. College graduates are not the smartest people necessarily they are just the ones who never gave up. They stuck with it. Inability to delay gratification we all know the guy or gal that just cant say no to having a good time. This one characteristic will ruin your life. People who are successful know what sacrifice means. They are willing to delay gratification now for future rewards. Fear of failure people who are afraid to fail often never do much. They are so worried about doing things perfect that they become paralyzed by their fear. Its okay you are going to make your fair share of mistakes in life and in college. Its called learning. .u99cb22bc0b7c6c3eadee41d8d8c4aa5e { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u99cb22bc0b7c6c3eadee41d8d8c4aa5e:active, .u99cb22bc0b7c6c3eadee41d8d8c4aa5e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u99cb22bc0b7c6c3eadee41d8d8c4aa5e { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u99cb22bc0b7c6c3eadee41d8d8c4aa5e .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u99cb22bc0b7c6c3eadee41d8d8c4aa5e .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u99cb22bc0b7c6c3eadee41d8d8c4aa5e:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ What is Human Resource DevelopmentDependency on others its good to rely on others at times, but sometimes you have to do things yourself and pave your own way. Interdependence is known as being part of a healthy system where people work together yet also understand that they are responsible for their own actions and destiny. This is different than co-dependence. Lack of reading the biggest predictor of graduating from college is the ability to read and comprehend. Many people think its math ability, but that is not true. You have to be willing to learn how to either make yourself like reading or just choose to do it even though you dont want to (see lack of discipline above). Related ArticlesHuman Resource Management TrainingVermont Colleges and Universities Pursuing Online and Campus Based Education in Vermont, the Green Mountain StateRN to BSN Program Nursing Students Discuss Financial Payoffs of Higher EducationCareer overview Retention Specialist CounselorCareers in Health Care ManagementPersonal Financial Planning Courses .u9d8c69efe28e5f826eb13f7347dce5f4 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u9d8c69efe28e5f826eb13f7347dce5f4:active, .u9d8c69efe28e5f826eb13f7347dce5f4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:n one; } .u9d8c69efe28e5f826eb13f7347dce5f4 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u9d8c69efe28e5f826eb13f7347dce5f4 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u9d8c69efe28e5f826eb13f7347dce5f4 .postTitle { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u9d8c69efe28e5f826eb13f7347dce5f4:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Making Sure Your Internet is Safe From Hackers

An Evaluation Of An Innovative Contribution Of My Work

Research Statement Mohamad S Hasan Modern technological advancements in automated data production have produced a large increase in the scale and resolution of data sets. In a statistical context, more information generates more hypothesis tests and opens new dimensions to discover the targeted questions. However, many of the tests are redundant and, hence, reduce the efficiency of the analysis. One potential solution to this problem is using external information to prioritize the hypothesis tests most likely to yield true positive effects. One means of doing so is p-value weighting. Many statistical methods have been proposed to up-weight and down-weight the p-value in a multiple hypotheses setting. None of them are satisfactory, which necessitate extensive research in this area. My methodological and theoretical research as well as a considerable portion of my applied work addresses this issue with regard to high throughput and big data. An innovative contribution of my work is the establishment of a new perspective on the analysis of high throughput data for which relative effect sizes are very low and the true effect is hard to detect with the usual statistical analysis, although external sources of information suggests otherwise. We proposed a method referred to as â€Å"Novel Optimal P-value weighting for High Throughput Data†. Many studies have that suggested diverse methodologies regarding the p-value weighting. Even though, theoretically, these approaches proposeShow MoreRelatedThe University Of Southern Mississippi848 Words   |  4 Pagesaccept this personal statement as a part of my application for the doctoral program in criminal justice starting the fall semester of 2016. The University of Southern Mississippi is my ideal location for the achievement of a doctoral degree. I would like to demonstrate my knowledge, experience, and research ability in the field of criminal justice and correctional studies. Having majored in the discipline as a former graduate student, I wan t to further my education to assist and promote future changesRead MoreManaging Entreprise On Health Care Sector1697 Words   |  7 Pageshealth care sector. Moreover, social entrepreneurs, use their innovative ideas to solve society’s most pressing social problems and issues and suggest new ideas and interventions for a change that leads to success. Apart from these changes also brings new opportunities and provide most suitable risk management strategies to create a better and healthy environment. In this assignment I would like to submit a report of entrepreneurship to my senior management in a mental health care sector where I workedRead MoreThe Common Core State Standards930 Words   |  4 Pagesof the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) within my school environment. Based on the information in Issues in K-12 Education Case Study Document 5, there are numerous issues concerning CCSS that a principal must consider for their school to be successful. These issues include: federal jurisdiction over curricula, the time allotted for implementation of federal standards, the impact of test results on professional development and teacher evaluations, and the possible elimination of other essentialRead MoreA Basic Assessment of Hildegard Peplaus Theory Essay819 Words   |  4 PagesBy giving nurses a sense of identity, nursing theory can help patients, managers and other healthcare professionals to recognize the unique contribution that nurses make to the healthcare service (Draper 1990).Hildegard Peplau, one of the role model of nursing theorist, established a theory of interpersonal relationships in nursing. Her reason is the goal of the nurse-client relationship is to give a quality nursing care moving forward to health promotion and maintenance. The purpose of this paperRead MoreTransformational Leadership As A Transformational Leader1673 Words   |  7 PagesI personally choose to use transformational leadership as my style of leadership with the st aff that I work with. There are many approaches I can use to implement this style, as well as many ways that I can share my leadership vision for leading in the healthcare environment. This leadership vision is influenced by previous leaders in my career, and a current leader today. By evaluating my strengths and limitations, I am able to evaluate opportunities for leadership and professional growth. PersonalRead MoreA Reflective Plan For Fishing Technologies Pty Ltd1699 Words   |  7 Pages1 INTRODUCTION Throughout this paper will be a clear reflective plan for Fishing Technologies Pty Ltd, which is a new venture inspired by an innovative concept for creating modern and digitalised fishing products. This will begin with an executive summary of the business idea to include details of the location, industry, and marketing segments for the product initiative. Following this includes the business vision and mission statements, both with objectives aligned towards the businesses futureRead MoreBudget Review : The Budget Essay749 Words   |  3 PagesBudget Review II †¢ I again, explored and studied the financial plan of my local government, Albany-Dougherty County, GA. Dougherty County was formed from Baker County through an act of the Georgia General Assembly (Dougherty County Finance Department, 2015) in 1853. Dougherty County is named after Judge Charles Dougherty a judge out of Athens, GA. Through review of the 2010 census, I discovered that there is approximately 326 square miles of land in the county and population of 94,565 people (CityRead MoreEnvironmental Impact On The Environment1581 Words   |  7 PagesMade in Brunel products are thought to be the most innovative products around the global. Its quality is of high standards and can be accepted all over. Made in Brunel is composed of engineers and experts with experience who showcase a product that is tailored to make the difference in the life of people. The temperature twisted kettle is of high quality and meet the Made in Brunel standards. This kettle is portable, robust and durab le. As Made in Brunel (2011) stated; Consumers are increasinglyRead MoreBest practices in ensuring quality, speed, and flexibility in organization.1534 Words   |  7 Pagesrisk management, record management training, and document management. Along with providing a brief summary of each practice, I will be identify an organization using each practice, and I will then evaluate my own organization based on these practices and offer recommendations for converting my organizations existing practices to one or more of the practices found in the research. Part A Total quality management (TQM) Total quality management (TQM) is the holistic approach that covers all aspectsRead MorePersonality and Decision-Making Essay1686 Words   |  7 Pagesapplication of personality theories. According to Chapman (2012), â€Å"Personality theories are immensely helpful in achieving greater self-awareness, and in helping yourself and others to develop personal potential, effectiveness and fulfillment, at work and in life as a whole† (p. 1). Moreover, there are exhaustive personality theories available that concentrate on various aspects of human personality (Chapman, 2012). For example, personality traits theory seeks to define personality based on the

The Expansion of the Right to Vote throughout History Free Essays

Throughout history, the right to vote has expanded and expanded. There are several examples of this in history, such as African Americans and women earning the right to suffrage. All of these movements stem down to the formation of the National Republicans, or Democrats. We will write a custom essay sample on The Expansion of the Right to Vote throughout History or any similar topic only for you Order Now During Andrew Jackson’s presidency, this party made it possible for even the poorest man to gain the right to vote. However, this movement was the subject of much controversy, as many doubted the abilities of the â€Å"common man†. One side in this argument was the supporters of the Democrats. They argued that ownership of property should not determine the right to vote. In document one of the DBQ paper, Nathan Sanford, who supported Jackson, argued that not ownership of property, but a man’s morality, should give him the right to vote. A different perspective, but the same basic agreement, is that of a French nobleman named Alexis de Tocqueville. He stated that the heads of government were often completely talentless, and seemed to end up in their positions from wealthiness alone. These supporters definitely had their reasons to be for this movement, but there were many who had reasons to oppose it. In her cynical and brutally honest book â€Å"Domestic Manners of the Americans†, Frances Trollope recalls the election of 1828. She states that most people were overlooking that he was â€Å"in every way calculated to do honour to the office† and simply opposing him because Jackson represented a less wealthy, more realistic portion of America. She even went as far to say that Jackson won the election of 1828 solely for that reason. James Kent of New York stated that the property requirement was simply the price to pay for the privilege of voting. He called the poor lazy, and stated that the movement was just a way for the poor to â€Å"share the plunder of the rich†. Both sides definitely had their reasons, as these opinions show. As for my opinion, I definitely support the movement. As for the supporters, I find next to no valid arguments against them other than â€Å"everyone’s poor for a reason†. And as I may agree with that statement to a certain extent, it does not validate the ignorant generalizations made by James Kent, calling the poor lazy and greedy (from what I’ve seen, it seems to be the other way around). As for Trollope, while it may be true that the reasons for Jackson’s support were unjust, it seems to happen on the wealthy party’s side just about as much as vice versa. However, as it has become clear by giving suffrage to blacks, women, and 18, 19, and 20 year olds, this movement still continues today, and isn’t ending anytime soon. How to cite The Expansion of the Right to Vote throughout History, Papers The Expansion of the Right to Vote throughout History Free Essays Throughout history, the right to vote has expanded and expanded. There are several examples of this in history, such as African Americans and women earning the right to suffrage. All of these movements stem down to the formation of the National Republicans, or Democrats. We will write a custom essay sample on The Expansion of the Right to Vote throughout History or any similar topic only for you Order Now During Andrew Jackson’s presidency, this party made it possible for even the poorest man to gain the right to vote. However, this movement was the subject of much controversy, as many doubted the abilities of the â€Å"common man†. One side in this argument was the supporters of the Democrats. They argued that ownership of property should not determine the right to vote. In document one of the DBQ paper, Nathan Sanford, who supported Jackson, argued that not ownership of property, but a man’s morality, should give him the right to vote. A different perspective, but the same basic agreement, is that of a French nobleman named Alexis de Tocqueville. He stated that the heads of government were often completely talentless, and seemed to end up in their positions from wealthiness alone. These supporters definitely had their reasons to be for this movement, but there were many who had reasons to oppose it. In her cynical and brutally honest book â€Å"Domestic Manners of the Americans†, Frances Trollope recalls the election of 1828. She states that most people were overlooking that he was â€Å"in every way calculated to do honour to the office† and simply opposing him because Jackson represented a less wealthy, more realistic portion of America. She even went as far to say that Jackson won the election of 1828 solely for that reason. James Kent of New York stated that the property requirement was simply the price to pay for the privilege of voting. He called the poor lazy, and stated that the movement was just a way for the poor to â€Å"share the plunder of the rich†. Both sides definitely had their reasons, as these opinions show. As for my opinion, I definitely support the movement. As for the supporters, I find next to no valid arguments against them other than â€Å"everyone’s poor for a reason†. And as I may agree with that statement to a certain extent, it does not validate the ignorant generalizations made by James Kent, calling the poor lazy and greedy (from what I’ve seen, it seems to be the other way around). As for Trollope, while it may be true that the reasons for Jackson’s support were unjust, it seems to happen on the wealthy party’s side just about as much as vice versa. However, as it has become clear by giving suffrage to blacks, women, and 18, 19, and 20 year olds, this movement still continues today, and isn’t ending anytime soon. How to cite The Expansion of the Right to Vote throughout History, Papers

Reaction on Hacienda Luisita free essay sample

It also shows us the difference between theories or principles from that of the complex of a real competitive world. On the job training is the initial application of the things we have learned from school and another purpose serves as an assessment for ourselves of how much we know about our profession and how much we still need to learn. It serves as an opportunity for us to improve and reinvent ourselves growing better for the challenges of the future. On the job training or OJT is one method by which students is given a chance to apply the theories and computations that they have learned from the school.It also helps the students to acquire relevant knowledge and skills by performing in actual work setting. Colleges and universities require their students to  undergo such  training within  a  specific  number  of  hours  as  part  of  the curriculum. For the students, an OJT or internship program provides opportunities to go  through  the  actual  methodologies  of  a  specific  job  using  the  real  tools, equipmenTs and documents. We will write a custom essay sample on Reaction on Hacienda Luisita or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In effect, the workplace becomes a development venue for a student trainee to learn more about his chosen field and practice what he has learn from school.On the  other hand, an effective OJT program also benefits the companies who accept trainees. First OJT or intern provides additional manpower for a lesser labor cost than a regular employee. Most of them are all eager to learn the ropes so chances are high that they will cooperate. Employers can use this internship strategy as a method in recruiting new employees. Since the trainer or the supervisor can follow the trainees’ progress, he can gauge based on performance, behavior and attitude if the trainee will make a good recruit after the completion of his internship. OJT’s can bring fresh ideas  into the organization. Given the opportunity to speak  their  minds  freely  and  without  fear,  they  maybe  able  to  contribute significantly in brainstorming sessions or research and eventually help improve the organizations productivity. While training the interns, employers are in fact also teaching their employees to process of guiding the trainees stretches their  patience, develops teaching skills and makes them more sensitive to the needs and mind set of the younger generation.The course of supervision also teaches them how to share what they know and be receptive to questions. Hence, the internship  also  becomes  an  avenue  in  training  for future  managers  of the company. Accommodating on-the-job trainees can truly be beneficial not only to the trainees but also to the companies that provide opportunities for this type of  learning. There is wisdom in the front lines. Such training can be an investment that will be valuable to the company later on.This is also why trainee’s should take their internship seriously as it can become a powerful tool and possibly even source of recommendation when they take that big lift from being students to career professionals. The most effective method to develop the competence and skills of students is through hand-on training. This process exposes the students to the different fields. Moreover, it allows the students to become familiar and made known to the actual operation of the business and the state of art of the facilities, equipment and technology used.Morale, productivity, and professionalism will normally be high in those individuals that employ a sound OJT program. As per required by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED), students of College of Hospitality Industry Management (HIM) undergo on the job training with a required time. Perhaps, this would be a stepping stone for the trainees to develop themselves to become professionals in their own field of specialization and acquire new learning through experience during trainings. It is very essential component o0f the learning process, geared toward preparing students future careers.However, trainees along the way encountered uncertainties and problems that would one way or another will affect the on the job performance. At present, OJT in the locality is becoming a great challenge. It is true that the benchmark for excellence in the hospitality industry is changing in which Tuguegarao City hotels, restaurants and many other customer service related establishments are not capable of coping up with its result to lack of exposure for students and the widening gap between the standards in principles taught to them in school and the real scenario in our locality.

Stable Isotope Analysis in Archaeology

Stable Isotope Analysis in Archaeology Stable isotope analysis is a scientific technique which is used by archaeologists and other scholars to collect information from an animals bones to identify the photosynthesis process of the plants it consumed during its lifetime. That information is enormously useful in a wide number of applications, from determining the dietary habits of ancient hominid ancestors to tracing the agricultural origins of seized cocaine and illegally poached rhinoceros horn.   What are Stable Isotopes? All of the earth and its atmosphere is made up of atoms of different elements, such as oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. Each of these elements has several forms, based on their atomic weight (the number of neutrons in each atom). For example, 99 percent of all carbon in our atmosphere exists in the form called Carbon-12; but the remaining one percent carbon is made up of two several slightly different forms of carbon, called Carbon-13 and Carbon-14. Carbon-12 (abbreviated 12C) has an atomic weight of 12, which is made up of 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons- the 6 electrons dont add anything to the atomic weight. Carbon-13 (13C) still has 6 protons and 6 electrons, but it has 7 neutrons. Carbon-14 (14C) has 6 protons and 8 neutrons, which is too heavy to hold together in a stable way, and it emits energy to get rid of the excess, which is why scientists call it radioactive. All three forms react the exact same way- if you combine carbon with oxygen you always get carbon dioxide, no matter how many neutrons there are. The 12C and 13C forms are stable- that is to say, they don’t change over time. Carbon-14, on the other hand, is not stable but instead decays at a known rate- because of that, we can use its remaining ratio to Carbon-13 to calculate radiocarbon dates, but that’s another issue entirely. Inheriting Constant Ratios The ratio of Carbon-12 to Carbon-13 is constant in the earth’s atmosphere. There are always one hundred 12C atoms to one 13C atom. During the process of photosynthesis, plants absorb the carbon atoms in the earth’s atmosphere, water, and soil, and store them in the cells of their leaves, fruits, nuts, and roots. But, the ratio of the forms of carbon gets altered as part of the photosynthesis process.   During photosynthesis, plants alter the 100 12C/1 13C chemical ratio differently in different climatic regions. Plants that live in regions with lots of sun and little water have relatively fewer 12C atoms in their cells (compared to 13C) than do plants that live in forests or wetlands. Scientists categorize plants by the version of photosynthesis they use into groups called C3, C4, and CAM.   Are You What You Have Eaten? The ratio of 12C/13C is hardwired into the plant’s cells, and- here’s the best part- as the cells get passed up the food chain (i.e., the roots, leaves, and fruit are eaten by animals and humans), the ratio of 12C to 13C remains virtually unchanged as it is in turn stored in the bones, teeth, and hair of the animals and humans. In other words, if you can determine the ratio of 12C to 13C that is stored in an animals bones, you can figure out whether the plants they ate used C4, C3, or CAM processes, and therefore, what the environment of the plants was like. In other words, assuming you eat locally, where you live is hardwired into your bones by what you eat. That measuring is accomplished by mass spectrometer analysis. Carbon is not by a long shot the only element used by stable isotope researchers. Currently, researchers are looking at measuring the ratios of stable isotopes of oxygen, nitrogen, strontium, hydrogen, sulfur, lead, and many other elements that are processed by plants and animals. That research has led to a simply incredible diversity of human and animal dietary information. Earliest Studies The very first archaeological application of stable isotope research was in the 1970s, by South African archaeologist Nikolaas van der Merwe, who was excavating at the African Iron Age site of Kgopolwe 3, one of several sites in the Transvaal Lowveld of South Africa, called Phalaborwa. Van de Merwe found a human male skeleton in an ash heap that did not look like the other burials from the village. The skeleton was different, morphologically, from the other inhabitants of Phalaborwa, and he had been buried in a completely different manner than the typical villager. The man looked like a Khoisan; and Khoisans should not have been at Phalaborwa, who were ancestral Sotho tribesmen. Van der Merwe and his colleagues J. C. Vogel and Philip Rightmire decided to look at the chemical signature in his bones, and the initial results suggested that the man was a sorghum farmer from a Khoisan village who somehow had died at Kgopolwe 3. Applying Stable Isotopes in Archaeology The technique and results of the Phalaborwa study were discussed at a seminar at SUNY Binghamton where van der Merwe was teaching. At the time, SUNY was investigating Late Woodland burials, and together they decided it would be interesting to see if the addition of maize (American corn, a subtropical C4 domesticate) to the diet would be identifiable in people who formerly only had access to C3 plants: and it was.   That study became the first published archaeological study applying stable isotope analysis, in 1977. They compared the stable carbon isotope ratios (13C/12C) in the collagen of human ribs from an Archaic (2500-2000 BCE) and an Early Woodland (400–100 BCE) archaeological site in New York (i.e., before corn arrived in the region) with the 13C/12C ratios in ribs from a Late Woodland (ca. 1000–1300 CE) and a Historic Period site (after corn arrived) from the same area. They were able to show that the chemical signatures in the ribs were an indication that the maize was not present in the early periods, but had become a staple food by the time of the Late Woodland. Based on this demonstration and available evidence for the distribution of the stable carbon isotopes in nature, Vogel and van der Merwe suggested that the technique could be used to detect maize agriculture in the Woodlands and tropical forests of the Americas; determine the importance of marine foods in the diets of coastal communities; document changes in vegetation cover over time in savannas on the basis of browsing/grazing ratios of mixed-feeding herbivores; and possibly to determine origins in forensic investigations. New Applications of Stable Isotope Research Since 1977, applications of stable isotope analysis have exploded in number and breadth, using the stable isotope ratios of the light elements hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur in human and animal bone (collagen and apatite), tooth enamel and hair, as well as in pottery residues baked onto the surface or absorbed into the ceramic wall to determine diets and water sources. Light stable isotope ratios (usually of carbon and nitrogen) have been used to investigate such dietary components as marine creatures (e.g. seals, fish, and shellfish), various domesticated plants such as maize and millet; and cattle dairying (milk residues in pottery), and mother’s milk (age of weaning, detected in the tooth row). Dietary studies have been done on hominins from the present day to our ancient ancestors Homo habilis and the Australopithecines. Other isotopic research has focused on determining the geographic origins of things. Various stable isotope ratios in combination, sometimes including the isotopes of heavy elements like strontium and lead, have been used to determine whether the residents of ancient cities were immigrants or were born locally; to trace the origins of poached ivory and rhino horn to break up smuggling rings; and to determine the agricultural origins of cocaine, heroin, and the cotton fiber used to make fake $100 bills.   Another example of isotopic fractionation that has a useful application involves rain, which contains the stable hydrogen isotopes 1H and 2H (deuterium) and the oxygen isotopes 16O and 18O. Water evaporates in large quantities at the equator and the water vapor disperses to the north and south. As the H2O falls back to earth, the heavy isotopes rain out first. By the time it falls as snow at the poles, the moisture is severely depleted in the heavy isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen. The global distribution of these isotopes in the rain (and in tap water) can be mapped and the origins of the consumers can be determined by isotopic analysis of hair.   Sources and Recent Studies Grant, Jennifer. Of Hunting and Herding: Isotopic Evidence in Wild and Domesticated Camelids from the Southern Argentine Puna (2120–420years BP). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 11 (2017): 29–37. Print.Iglesias, Carlos, et al. Stable Isotope Analysis Confirms Substantial Differences between Subtropical and Temperate Shallow Lake Food Webs. Hydrobiologia 784.1 (2017): 111–23. Print.Katzenberg, M. Anne, and Andrea L. Waters-Rist. Stable Isotope Analysis: A Tool for Studying Past Diet, Demography, and Life History. Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton. Eds. Katzenberg, M. Anne, and Anne L. Grauer. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, Inc., 2019. 467–504. Print.Price, T. Douglas, et al. Isotopic Provenancing of the . Antiquity 90.352 (2016): 1022–37. Print.Salme Ship Burials in Pre-Viking Age EstoniaSealy, J. C., and N. J. van der Merwe. On Approaches to Dietary Reconstruction in the Western Cape: Are You What You Have Eaten?- a Reply to Parkington. Journal of Archaeological Science 19.4 (1992): 459–66. Print. Somerville, Andrew D., et al. Diet and Gender in the Tiwanaku Colonies: Stable Isotope Analysis of Human Bone Collagen and Apatite from Moquegua, Peru. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 158.3 (2015): 408–22. Print.Sugiyama, Nawa, Andrew D. Somerville, and Margaret J. Schoeninger. Stable Isotopes and Zooarchaeology at Teotihuacan, Mexico Reveal Earliest Evidence of Wild Carnivore Management in Mesoamerica. PLoS ONE 10.9 (2015): e0135635. Print.Vogel, J.C., and Nikolaas J. Van der Merwe. Isotopic Evidence for Early Maize Cultivation in New York State. American Antiquity 42.2 (1977): 238–42. Print.

Iron Element Facts

Iron Element Facts Iron Basic Facts: Symbol: FeAtomic Number: 26Atomic Weight: 55.847Element Classification: Transition MetalCAS Number: 7439-89-6 Iron Periodic Table Location Group: 8Period:4Block: d Iron Electron Configuration Short Form: [Ar]3d64s2Long Form: 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2Shell Structure: 2 8 14 2 Iron Discovery Discovery Date: Ancient TimesName: Iron derives its name from the Anglo-Saxon iren. The element symbol, Fe, was shortened from the Latin word ferrum meaning firmness.History: Ancient Egyptian iron objects have been dated to around 3500 B.C. These objects also contain approximately 8% nickel showing the iron may have originally been part of a meteorite. The Iron Age began around 1500 B.C. when the Hittites of Asia Minor began to smelt iron ore and make iron tools. Iron Physical Data State at room temperature (300 K): SolidAppearance: malleable, ductile, silvery metalDensity: 7.870 g/cc (25  °C)Density at Melting Point: 6.98 g/ccSpecific Gravity: 7.874 (20  °C)Melting Point: 1811 KBoiling Point: 3133.35 KCritical Point: 9250 K at 8750 barHeat of Fusion: 14.9 kJ/molHeat of Vaporization: 351 kJ/molMolar Heat Capacity: 25.1 J/mol ·KSpecific Heat: 0.443 J/g ·K (at 20  °C) Iron Atomic Data Oxidation States (Bold most common): 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, and -2Electronegativity: 1.96 (for oxidation state 3) and 1.83 (for oxidation state 2)Electron Affinity: 14.564 kJ/molAtomic Radius: 1.26 Ã…Atomic Volume: 7.1 cc/molIonic Radius: 64 (3e) and 74 (2e)Covalent Radius: 1.24 Ã…First Ionization Energy: 762.465 kJ/molSecond Ionization Energy: 1561.874 kJ/molThird Ionization Energy: 2957.466 kJ/mol Iron Nuclear Data Number of isotopes: 14 isotopes are known. Naturally occuring iron is made up of four isotopes.Natural Isotopes and % abundance: 54Fe (5.845),56Fe (91.754), 57Fe (2.119) and 58Fe (0.282) Iron Crystal Data Lattice Structure: Body-Centered CubicLattice Constant: 2.870 Ã…Debye Temperature: 460.00 K Iron Uses Iron is vital to plant and animal life. Iron is the active part of the hemoglobin molecule our bodies use to transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Iron metal is widely alloyed with other metals and carbon for a multiple commercial uses. Pig iron is an alloy containing about 3-5% carbon, with varying quantities of Si, S, P, and Mn. Pig iron is brittle, hard, and fairly fusible and is used to produce other iron alloys, including steel. Wrought iron contains only a few tenths of a percent of carbon and is malleable, tough, and less fusible than pig iron. Wrought iron typically has a fibrous structure. Carbon steel is an iron alloy with carbon and small amounts of S, Si, Mn, and P. Alloy steels are carbon steels that contain additives such as chromium, nickel, vanadium, etc. Iron is the least expensive, most abundant, and most used of all metals. Miscellaneous Iron Facts Iron is the 4th most abundant element in the Earths crust. The Earths core is believed to be comprised primarily of iron.Pure iron is chemically reactive and corrodes rapidly, especially in moist air or at elevated temperatures.There are four allotropes of iron known as ferrites. These are designated ÃŽ ±-, ÃŽ ²-, ÃŽ ³-, and ÃŽ ´- with transition points at 770, 928, and 1530  °C. The ÃŽ ±- and ÃŽ ²- ferrites have the same crystal structure, but when the ÃŽ ±- form becomes the ÃŽ ²- form, the magnetism disappears.The most common iron ore is hematite (Fe2O3 mostly). Iron is also found in magnetite (Fe3O4) and taconite (a sedimentary rock containing more than 15% iron mixed with quartz).The top three countries that mine iron are Ukraine, Russia and China. China, Australia and Brazil lead the world in iron production.Many meteorites have been found to contain high levels of iron.Iron is found in the sun and other stars.Iron is an essential mineral for health, but too much iron is extre mely toxic. Free iron in the blood reacts with peroxides to form free radicals that damage DNA, protein, lipids and other cellular components, leading to illness and sometimes death. 20 milligrams of iron per kilogram of body weight is toxic, while 60 milligrams per kilogram is lethal. Iron is essential for the development of brain development. Children with iron deficiencies show a lower ability to learn.Iron burns with a gold color in a flame test.Iron is used in fireworks to make sparks. The color of the sparks will depend on the temperature of the iron. Sources CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (89th Ed.), National Institute of Standards and Technology, History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverers, Norman E. Holden 2001.